What is one primary effect of receiving little affection during socialization?

Receiving little affection during socialization can lead to an increased suspicion and hostility in individuals. This is rooted in the foundational understanding of socialization as a process where emotional connections and support are critical to healthy psychological and social development. When affection is scarce, individuals may struggle to form secure attachments, which can result in mistrust towards others. This inability to connect positively with caregivers or peers can foster anxiety and defensive behaviors, making individuals more likely to perceive social interactions as threatening or competitive rather than supportive and nurturing.

Trust is typically built through positive reinforcement and affectionate interactions, and the lack thereof can hinder the development of such trust, leading to a social demeanor characterized by skepticism and antagonism. Conversely, the other options imply positive social outcomes or emotional strengths that are typically cultivated through supportive family environments, which the absence of affection would likely inhibit.