What does the term 'agency' refer to in sociology?

In sociology, the term 'agency' refers to the capacity of individuals to act independently, make their own choices, and exert influence over their own lives. It emphasizes the role of personal decision-making and the inherent abilities individuals possess to navigate their social environments. Agency is critically important because it acknowledges that while social structures and cultural norms play a significant role in shaping behavior, individuals are not merely passive recipients of these influences. Instead, they have the power to interpret their circumstances, make choices, and create their own paths. This concept is foundational in understanding the dynamic interplay between individual actions and societal constraints.

For instance, even within a framework of social norms and expectations, individuals can challenge, conform to, or redefine those norms based on their decisions, illustrating the power of agency in shaping social outcomes. Recognizing agency helps sociologists analyze how personal choices can influence broader social trends and changes. This focus on individual choice fundamentally distinguishes agency from concepts that emphasize solely external constraints, such as social structures or norms.