Herbert Spencer is known for which perspective in sociology?

Herbert Spencer is best known for his evolutionary perspective in sociology, often referred to as social Darwinism. He applied the concept of evolution, which was being studied in the natural sciences, to societies. Spencer believed that societies evolve similarly to biological organisms, passing through various stages of development. He posited that social structures and institutions develop over time to adapt and function efficiently within the environment. This perspective emphasizes the idea that societies progress through competition and natural selection, where the "fittest" societies would thrive and survive.

Although Spencer's work intersects with elements of functionalism, particularly in regard to social structures serving purposes for the whole, it is his overarching emphasis on evolution that primarily characterizes his contributions to sociology. Consequently, the evolutionary perspective highlights the adaptation and progression of societies, distinguishing it as the key framework associated with Spencer.